In this section we will look at
2.)Growing Conditions for Onions in Kenya
3.)Types of Onions Grown in Kenya
4.)Steps in Onion Farming
5.)FAQ about Onion Farming
6.)Challenges facing Onion Farming in Kenya
About Onion Farming
Onion farming in Kenya has become a major agricultural activity due to the high demand for onions both locally and for export. The crop is widely cultivated across different regions of the country due to its adaptability and relatively short growing cycle. The onion is a staple in Kenyan kitchens, and its versatility in cooking makes it essential for daily meals . Onions are one of the most important vegetables grown in Kenya.
Image of Onion farming by Francis Mulinge
The country is among the top producers of onions in Africa, and the crop plays a vital role in food security, employment creation, and economic development. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), onions are ranked among the top agricultural exports from Kenya, contributing significantly to the country’s agricultural export earnings.
Image of Onion seeds by Francis Mulinge
The growing demand has provided farmers with an opportunity to earn stable incomes from onion production The best areas suited for growing onions are Kajiado, Narok, Kieni, Karatina, Oloitoktok, Kakamega, and Naivasha
Growing Conditions for Onions in Kenya
Image of Onion Seedling s by Frank Jimmie Greenworld
Altitude
Onions are grown at different altitudes depending on the variety, but they perform best between 1,000 and 2,500 meters above sea level. Highland areas in Central Kenya, Rift Valley, and parts of Eastern Kenya are ideal for onion production.
Temperature
Onions prefer moderate temperatures between 13°C and 24°C. High temperatures above 30°C can cause the bulbs to split or bolt (flower prematurely), affecting yield quality. Therefore, areas with moderate temperatures are best suited for growing onions.
Soil Type
Onions prefer loamy, well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. They grow best in soils with a pH range of 6.0 to 6.5. Sandy loam soils are ideal as they allow for good drainage and root growth. Soil fertility plays a crucial role in onion production, and farmers are encouraged to use organic manure or well-rotted compost before planting to improve soil quality.
Watering Needs
Onions require consistent moisture, especially during the growing period, but they do not tolerate waterlogged soils. Proper irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation, are ideal for providing consistent water supply without overwatering.
Rainfall
While onions need a steady supply of water, excessive rainfall can lead to fungal diseases and other problems like bulb rot. In Kenya, the rainy seasons typically fall between March and May, and between October and December, which aligns with the growth period of onions. Proper water management practices, including mulching and using irrigation systems, can mitigate the impact of irregular rainfall patterns.
Types of Onions Grown in Kenya
Image of Red onions for sale at 50Ksh
Kenya grows several types of onions, with the most common being red onions and Spring onions the most common varieties grown in Kenya include Jambar F1, Islero, Red creole, Red Passion and Red Pinnoy, Red Creole and Bombay Red. These onions are in high demand because of their pungency and color, making them ideal for cooking. Red onions are preferred for local consumption due to their strong flavor, vibrant color, and versatility in cooking. They are also more resilient to diseases compared to other varieties.
Steps in Onion Farming
An acre requires 1-1.5kg of onion seeds depending on the variety and the spacing. The spacing normally affects the size of the bulb onions.
Land Preparation
Clearing and Plowing: Prepare the land by clearing any weeds, debris, and previous crop residues. Plow the soil to a depth of 20-25 cm to loosen it and create a suitable environment for onion root growth.
Soil Fertility: Before planting, enrich the soil with organic matter such as well-rotted manure or compost. This enhances soil fertility and provides the necessary nutrients for onion growth.
Sowing and Seedling Preparation
Sowing Seeds: Onions can be grown from seeds or sets (small bulbs). The seeds are usually sown in nursery beds, where they are grown until they are ready for transplanting.
Transplanting: After 4-6 weeks, when the seedlings have developed 4-6 leaves, they are transplanted into the main field. The spacing should be 20-30 cm between plants and 30-45 cm between rows, depending on the variety.
Crop Management
Weeding: Regular weeding is essential to prevent competition for nutrients and water. Weeds can be manually removed or controlled using herbicides.
Fertilization: Onions are heavy feeders, and it is crucial to apply fertilizers at different stages of growth. A balanced fertilizer with high phosphorus content should be applied during planting, followed by nitrogen and potassium-based fertilizers during the vegetative and bulbing stages.
Irrigation: Depending on rainfall, onions may need supplemental irrigation. Drip irrigation is highly recommended to provide water directly to the plant roots without wetting the foliage.
Pest and Disease Management
Common pests affecting onions in Kenya include:
Onion Fly: Causes damage to bulbs. Farmers can control this pest by using insecticides or by using traps.
Aphids: These pests spread viral diseases. Use insecticidal soap or neem oil for control.
Thrips: Cause silvering of leaves and stunted growth. Thrips can be controlled with systemic insecticides.
Common diseases include:
Downy Mildew: A fungal disease that affects onion leaves and bulbs. Use fungicides and avoid overhead watering.
Botrytis Neck Rot: Caused by fungi, it affects onion bulbs. Proper ventilation and crop rotation can reduce the risk.
Harvesting
Onions are harvested when the tops begin to turn yellow and fall over, indicating that the bulbs are mature. The onions should be lifted carefully to avoid bruising. After harvesting, onions are left in the field to dry for 2-3 days before being stored or transported to the market.
FAQ about Onion Farming
Types of onions in Kenya
Red Creole
Known for its spicy flavor and suitability for storage.
Texas Grano
A sweet onion with high yields.
Bombay Red
Popular for its short maturity period and drought resistance.
Super Elongata
Valued for its uniform size and resistance to diseases.
How much does 1 acre of onions make?
In Kenya, an acre of onions under good management can yield between 10 to 20 tons (10,000 to 20,000 kg). With current market prices varying between Ksh 40 and Ksh 100 per kg depending on demand, farmers can earn between Ksh 400,000 and Ksh 2 million per acre. After deducting production costs of approximately Ksh 150,000 to Ksh 270,000, the profit can range between Ksh 130,000 and Ksh 1.7 million per acre
Which is the best month to plant onions in Kenya?
The best time to plant onions in Kenya is February to March, targeting a harvest in May or June when market demand and prices are high
How much does it cost to farm onions in Kenya?
The cost of farming onions per acre in Kenya ranges from Ksh 150,000 to Ksh 270,000. This includes expenses for seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, labor, irrigation, and other inputs
How many months do onions take to mature?
Onions typically take 3 to 4 months (90 to 120 days) to mature, depending on the variety and growing conditions
What is the best fertilizer for onions in Kenya?
Onions benefit from fertilizers rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) is recommended at planting, while CAN (Calcium Ammonium Nitrate) can be applied during growth. Organic manure is also valuable for soil health
How profitable is onion farming in Kenya?
Onion farming in Kenya is highly profitable under good management. With a potential profit of up to Ksh 1.7 million per acre during high-demand periods, it is a lucrative venture for many farmers. However, success depends on market timing, effective pest and disease management, and efficient irrigation
How much is 1kg of onions in Kenya today?
The price of onions per kilogram in Kenya ranges from Ksh 40 to Ksh 100, depending on supply, demand, and quality
Challenges facing Onion Farming in Kenya
Pests and Diseases
Pests like the onion fly and diseases like downy mildew can devastate onion crops if not properly managed.
Weather Variability
Climate change has resulted in unpredictable rainfall patterns, which affect onion yields. Farmers must invest in irrigation systems to ensure consistent water supply.
Market Fluctuations
The price of onions can vary significantly depending on the season. The price fluctuation is mainly attributed to the importation of onions from Tanzania, where the cost production is lower. During the harvest period, prices may drop due to oversupply, while during off-seasons, prices may spike, making it difficult for farmers to predict their income.
High Input Costs
Fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation systems can be expensive, and this can limit profitability, especially for small-scale farmers.
Comments